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The recent inform entitled Water for People – Water for Life of the World wet Assessment Programme of the UNESCO says that more than 6000 people die every day due to water-related diseases including diarrhoea worm infections and infectious diseases. In addition organic pollutants from industrial wastewater from pulp and paper mills textiles and leather factories steel foundries and petrochemicals refineries are a major cause of illness in parts of the world where regulations do not necessarily protect people from such industrial outflows. So the availability of drinking quality water is abstain becoming a study socio-economic issue across the globe especially in the developing world. However water purification technology is often complicated requires sophisticated equipment and is expensive to run and maintain. Moreover it usually requires a final costly disinfection re-create. Now a aggroup of scientists at the Ian Wark Research initiate at the University of South Australia are tackling this by taking a nanotechnology come to wet purification – a move that has the potential to prevent disease and poisoning from affection millions of populate. investigate professor Peter Majewski and biomolecular chemist Chiu Ping Chan have investigated how silica particles can be coated easily with a nanometre-thin forge of surface active material (SAM) based on a hydrocarbon with a silicon-containing fasten. The coating is formed through a chemical self-assembly affect so involves nothing more than stirring the ingredients to alter the active particles. These active particles were then tested to demonstrate that they could remove biological molecules pathogens such as the polio virus bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Cryptosporidium parvum – a waterborne parasite. Writing in the International Journal of Nanotechnology (Vol5Nos2/3 2008) the researchers point out that novel materials have attracted considerable arouse in recent times for the de-centralised treatment of water in request to shift organic contaminants. These include press/iron oxide nanoparticles and both nano- and micron-sized photocatalysts. “However these methods always require additional treatment processes such as sophisticated filtering to remove the nanoparticles from wet or UV illumination which is not always feasible in de-centralised wet treatment scenarios and demand additional infrastructure for water purification as well as electric energy,� they write. They go on to explain that while the feasibility of ascend modification in terms of controlling hydrophobicity introducing and controlling the ascend chemistry and synthesis of crystalline oxide thin films via functionalised SAMs has been elaborated their application on silica particles for water treatment has not been studied widely. A SAM is a closely packed highly ordered array of chained hydrocarbon molecules containing various numbers of CH2-units. The SAM is simply described as a hydrocarbon with the general formula A-(CH2)n-B. B represents the bonding group such as trichlorosilyl (-SiCl3) and trimethoxysilane (Si(OCH3)3) forming tightly covalent Si-O-Si-bonds to the surface atoms of silicon and silica. However bonding with titanium and titania via Si-O-Ti bonds undergo also been observed. ‘A’ denotes the head group chosen from among a number of possible species such as sulphonate (-SO3H) and amine (-NH2) respectively. The length of the hydrocarbon molecules and the related thickness of the SAM are calculated based on the numbers of CH2-units were calculated to vary between about 0.6nm (three CH2-units) and about 2.5nm (17 CH2-units). Immersed in aqueous solutions some of the head groups like sulphonate head groups tend to deprotonate and to form negatively charged surfaces. Head groups desire NH2 are known to deprotonate at high pH-values and to capture protons at low pH-values forming positively charged surfaces. Therefore by carefully choosing of the SAM and pH-value of the solution in which the SAM is immersed negatively as well as positively charged surfaces can be obtained. Majewski and Chan then went on to study the removal of bio-molecules and pathogens of different natures from water by silica particles coated with the functionalised SAM monolayers. The results clearly show that organic species can efficiently be removed at pH ranges of drinking water by stirring the coated particles in the contaminated water for up to 60minutes and finally filtering the disintegrate.

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May 14 (Bloomberg) -- Brazilian sugar and ethanol mills in the country's biggest producing region turned 67 percent of the cane output into ethanol through the end April to ensure supplies as rains pared yields.About 40 mills delayed the start of the harvest because of rainfall, the Center-South Sugar and Ethanol Industry Association, known as Unica, said today in an e-mailed statement.Above-average rainfall in the Center-South region, which accounts for more than 80 percent of Brazil's sugar and ethanol output, is reducing the cane's sucrose, the substance that the sweetener and fuel are made from. Mills are turning more of the crop into ethanol to ensure gasoline stations have sufficient supplies to meet domestic demand.``The mills adopted this unusual strategy to offset the difficulties caused by rain,'' Unica said in the statement.By the end of April, 170 of the region's 315 mills began production, Unica said. An additional 85 started up in the first two weeks of May, and 60 more will join them in the second half of this month.The rains prevented growers from harvesting 10 million tons of sugar cane in March and April, Unica said. Most sugar-cane farms start harvesting in April, when it's usually dry in the Center South. Some growers in drier regions begin in March.

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Waterproof SealantABINGTON —Fumes wafting from an open bucket at the MBTA commuter rail station on Centre Avenue Monday afternoon were apparently caused by a combination of chemicals but were not dangerous, authorities said.A passenger getting off the train at 3:23 p.m. reported seeing the fumes and smelling a noxious odor emanating from a plastic bucket at the station, Fire Capt. David Farrell said.State hazardous materials units from Easton and Westwood responded along with Abington firefighters and state transit police.Fire Chief Arthur J. Pelland said one of the chemicals was identified as methyl methacrylate, used as a waterproof sealant on concrete. The other chemical was believed to be a hardening compound, he said.When combined, both chemicals produce heat and a strong odor.However, Pelland said the fumes were not concentrated enough to be hazardous and there was plenty of ventilation.“We’re just trying to identify what it is,” he said at the scene. “Once we know what it is, we will know how to handle it.”A contractor for the MBTA has been doing reconstruction of the concrete commuter rail platform, Pelland said.There were no reports of injury or illness, but passengers were redirected away from the construction area as a precaution, Pelland said.

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Sulphonate The recent report entitled Water for People – Water for Life of the World Water Assessment Programme of the UNESCO says that more than 6000 people die every day due to water-related diseases, including diarrhoea, worm infections, and infectious diseases. In addition, organic pollutants from industrial wastewater from pulp and paper mills, textiles and leather factories, steel foundries, and petrochemicals refineries, are a major cause of illness in parts of the world where regulations do not necessarily protect people from such industrial outflows. So the availability of drinking quality water is fast becoming a major socio-economic issue across the globe, especially in the developing world. However, water purification technology is often complicated, requires sophisticated equipment and is expensive to run and maintain. Moreover, it usually requires a final costly disinfection stage.Now a team of scientists at the Ian Wark Research Institute at the University of South Australia are tackling this by taking a nanotechnology approach to water purification – a move that has the potential to prevent disease and poisoning from affection millions of people. Research professor Peter Majewski and biomolecular chemist Chiu Ping Chan have investigated how silica particles can be coated easily with a nanometre-thin layer of surface active material (SAM) based on a hydrocarbon with a silicon-containing anchor. The coating is formed through a chemical self-assembly process so involves nothing more than stirring the ingredients to make the active particles. These active particles were then tested to demonstrate that they could remove biological molecules, pathogens such as the polio virus, bacteria such as Escherichia coli, and Cryptosporidium parvum – a waterborne parasite. Writing in the International Journal of Nanotechnology (Vol5Nos2/3 2008), the researchers point out that novel materials have attracted considerable interest in recent times for the de-centralised treatment of water in order to remove organic contaminants. These include iron/iron oxide nanoparticles and both nano- and micron-sized photocatalysts. “However, these methods always require additional treatment processes, such as sophisticated filtering to remove the nanoparticles from water or UV illumination, which is not always feasible in de-centralised water treatment scenarios and require additional infrastructure for water purification as well as electric energy,” they write. They go on to explain that while the feasibility of surface modification in terms of controlling hydrophobicity, introducing and controlling the surface chemistry, and synthesis of crystalline oxide thin films via functionalised SAMs has been elaborated, their application on silica particles for water treatment has not been studied widely.A SAM is a closely packed, highly ordered array of chained hydrocarbon molecules containing various numbers of CH2-units. The SAM is simply described as a hydrocarbon with the general formula A-(CH2)n-B. B represents the bonding group, such as trichlorosilyl (-SiCl3) and trimethoxysilane (Si(OCH3)3) forming tightly covalent Si-O-Si-bonds to the surface atoms of silicon and silica. However, bonding with titanium and titania via Si-O-Ti bonds have also been observed. ‘A’ denotes the head group, chosen from among a number of possible species, such as sulphonate (-SO3H) and amine (-NH2), respectively. The length of the hydrocarbon molecules and the related thickness of the SAM are calculated based on the numbers of CH2-units were calculated to vary between about 0.6nm (three CH2-units) and about 2.5nm (17 CH2-units). Immersed in aqueous solutions, some of the head groups like sulphonate head groups tend to deprotonate and to form negatively charged surfaces. Head groups like NH2 are known to deprotonate at high pH-values and to capture protons at low pH-values forming positively charged surfaces. Therefore, by carefully choosing of the SAM and pH-value of the solution, in which the SAM is immersed, negatively as well as positively charged surfaces can be obtained. Majewski and Chan then went on to study the removal of bio-molecules and pathogens of different natures from water by silica particles coated with the functionalised SAM monolayers. The results clearly show that organic species can efficiently be removed at pH ranges of drinking water by stirring the coated particles in the contaminated water for up to 60minutes and finally filtering the powder.

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bamboo pillowBethanie Brandon has been a fabric artist for three decades.Her son, Robin, is just beginning his artistic career.The mother and son, residents of Lucas Valley, will show their work during one of the two weekends of Marin Arts Council's Open Studios - appropriately enough, Mother's Day weekend. They are among 280 artists, from Sausalito to West Marin, who will open their studio doors to the public May 3 and 4, May 10 and 11.Bethanie, 50, will open her garage-studio to show scarves, throws, bamboo pillows and table runners, most of them handpainted or appliqu d on sueded rayon. She will also show dresses, dusters and flare-leg pants of her own design.Robin, 13, will show a series of hand-painted skateboards - art that evolved from his hobby as a skateboarder. Last week, he was nursing a broken arm, product of an accident at the McInnis Park skateboard arena.As they prepared to get their home studio ready for public viewing, Bethanie's pride was starting to show and Robin knows to give credit when it's due."She always influenced me to be artistic and supported that, so that's what got me into this," he says. "Her artwork doesn't really influence mine, but her being an artist does."Bethanie saw Robin's knack for art early on. "When was he young and started doing drawings, I could see that he was into color and texture," she says. "I was hopeful. He was surrounded by art at home. We're always doing stuff around art; we have friends who are artists andAdvertisementphotographers. But I think it's really in him, not something he picked up on because it was in his environment. I think it's genetic."Robin, a Miller Creek School student, works on a table set up in the family patio. His tools are spray paints, bottled acrylics, a drill. His art is highly fanciful and colorful, evolving lately into studied design rather than the cartoonish motifs of his first boards.Bethanie's art is coolly artistic: the designs are simple, often with an Asian aesthetic, the colors muted. Several of her works hang on the walls of her home, an airy Eichler whose simplicity reflects her artistic eye.On one wall, suspended from a pole, are three ribbon-like hangings inspired by Tibetan prayer flags. On a bedroom wall is a series of bundled bamboo sticks wrapped in fabric and installed behind Plexiglas. On a wall in one hallway is a collage of colored chips made to resemble an American flag."I have always loved the American flag," she confides. "The flag is very fragile and we must take care of it."In the works: a Union Jack. In her plans: a Tibetan prayer flag.Bethanie studied textile design at what is now Philadelphia University in Pennsylvania, and got her first job with J.P. Stevens in New York, designing fabrics for women's coats and suits. When her husband, real estate developer Peter Brandon, got a job in San Francisco, she came, too, and worked for Levi Strauss as a clothing designer. After two years, she joined a startup clothing company, Schram and Company, where she earned her skills as a businesswoman.When daughter Caely was born, Bethanie decided to work from home - and Bethanie Brandon Design was born.First she designed hats, then matching scarves. She soon adapted the sueded rayon she used in the scarves to make bamboo pillow covers and throws. "The home-decorating market was expanding enormously just then," she says.The owner of Summer House Gallery in Mill Valley persuaded her to enter the San Francisco GiftThese painted skateboards are the work of 13-year-old Robin Brandon. He and his mother, Bethanie Brandon, will be in this year's Marin Arts Council Open Studios. (IJ photo/Alan Dep)Show "and suddenly I had clients all across the country," Bethanie says.She continues to show her designs at American Craft Council trade shows and at fine crafts shows all over the area. Her mother, San Francisco resident Stephanie DiGiorgio, helps with the business."My dad was the artistic one because he worked in the textile industry," Bethanie says. "My mom was a nurse, but she was very fashionable and turned me on to design. Now she gives me feedback on new lines or designs and has been a great help. That's why I think Robin got some help with genetics."Three seamstresses help assemble her designs, some of which include fabric appliqu s. Many of her clients are family-owned specialty stores - "I did not want to do designs that had big runs. I did not want to export overseas."Her designs, like the interior of her house, are muted in color - pale green, gray, taupe, mauve - and many designs are taken from nature - gingko leaves, eucalyptus, wildflowers, a dragonfly.Prices range from $120 for a small scarf to $400 for a top-end bamboo pillow or duster. A dress is $300.Many of her designs look Asian. "I'm Italian and Jewish," she says, shrugging, "but almost everything I do looks Japanese."Robin's work is distinctly his own. He originally sold his painted boards to skateboarder friends, who used them to skate. Lately, he has come to think of his boards as wall art: since it is the underside of the board that is painted, it is likely to get damaged if used."The first board I sold was to my friend, I think it was for $40," he recalls. "It was a really good feeling, but it was weird selling a board that I had taken five or six hours to paint and seeing it get skated up. But it was cool that somebody was willing to pay for it."He hopes hobbyists will buy the boards ($100 for one; $250 for a matched series of three) as statements about skateboarding, his pastime for seven years.He has always liked to draw, he says, but thinks he has found his groove in painting boards. Inspirations "just pop into my head," he says: on one board, he has attached a bit of a cassette, part of an old clock.The two Brandons are admirers of each other's creations."He has more courage than I do," Bethanie says. "He's not afraid to try something that I would think, 'No, I could never draw that.' He hasn't had those failures yet. It's great because his effort is not labored. He doesn't put those restrictions on himself.

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